Sahel

Europe drafted the rulebook of international justice after 1945, and as tribunals empty and allies clash publicly at the United Nations, its enforcers vanish.

Mali remains the clearest proof that France lost military influence in the Sahel without stability replacing it, and every new battle there undercuts Macron's narrative of a fresh start.

Africa’s jihadist groups are gaining territory and pressure, but they still lack the cohesion, legitimacy, and state collapse that made HTS’s seizure of Damascus possible.

Three years in, drones from contested supply chains have usurped past combat methods to act as the ultimate driver of Sudan's civilian casualties.

France confronts two legacies of stolen art as new restitution laws ease colonial returns and the Musée d’Orsay spotlights Nazi-looted works still awaiting heirs.